How to: Cite Your Sources

Book with a single author or editor

In-text: 

(Author Lastname, Date, p. page) 

(Bukatko, 2008, p. 10). 

References:

Author Lastname, Firstinitial. (Date). Title of book. Publisher. 

Bukatko, D. (2008). Child and adolescent development. Houghton Mifflin.

Journal article from an online database

In-text:

(Author Lastname & Author Lastname, Date, p. page) 

(Quinn & Chadoir, 2009, p. 640)

References: 

Author Lastname, Firstinitial & Author Lastname, Firstinitial. (Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Journal Title, volume(issue), pages. DOI: DOI.  

Quinn, D.M. & Chaudoir, S.R. (2009). Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 634-51. DOI:10.1037/a0015815

Online newspaper/magazine article 

In-text: 

(Author Lastname, Date)

(Bitran, 2017)

References: 

Author Lastname, Firstinitial (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. URL. 

Bitran, D.B. (2017, August 16).  Why tourists go to sites associated with death and suffering. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-tourists-go-to-sites-associated-with-death-and-suffering-81015. 

Page from a website

In-text:

(Page Creator, Date)

(Educational Equity Lab, n.d.)

References: 

Page Creator (Year Month Day). Title of page. Page publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year from URL. 

Educational Equity Lab (n.d). Students & collaborators. College of the Holy Cross, Educational Equity Lab. Retrieved August 9, 2024 from https://alexbrowman.com/people/. 

Chat with a generative AI tool 

*Use this format to cite a specific chat with a Generative AI tool. The prompt you used is not included in the formal citation, but it is good practice to include the prompt in the body of your writing. APA recommends doing this in your Methodology section, if applicable. 

In-text:

(AI Company Name, Year of chat)

(OpenAI, 2025)

References: 

AI Company Name. (Year, Month Day chat occurred). Title of chat [Description, such as Generative AI chat]. Tool Name/Model. URL of the chat.

OpenAI (2025, Sept 25). Best-documented theories for the cause of autism. [Generative AI chat]. ChatGPT. https://chatgpt.com/share/68d55289-f104-8003-b1b9-1ece94be660d.

Generative AI tool 

*Use this format to cite a Generative AI tool that you have used for general purposes (with your professor's permission!) such as: editing your writing; translating between languages; generating images; etc., or in other cases where including a specific chat is not helpful and/or appropriate. 

In-text:

(AI Company Name, Year of latest update)

(OpenAI, 2025)

References: 

AI Company Name. (year). Tool Name/Model [Description; e.g., Large language model]. URL of the tool.

OpenAI (2025). ChatGPT [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com.