PSYC 256: Animal Minds (Qadri): Reading Scholarly Articles

Anatomy of a Scientific Paper

• Title
• Author Information
• Abstract: A summary of the study and findings, written by the author
• Introduction: A statement of what is currently known about the study subject that articulates the questions being investigated.  It cites other scholarly works, lays foundations for the study, and sometimes states a hypothesis to be tested.
• Results: A description of the research conducted and the results obtained.  Results are presented as tables, large datasets, and figures, which can include graphs, videos, diagrams, and photographs.  Some papers include additional supporting data as a supplement.
• Discussion:  An analysis and interpretation of the data presented that integrates the new information with prior findings, states the implications of the work, and sometimes generates new hypotheses to be tested.
• Methods: A description of how the studies were conducted, with sufficient detail so that others can repeat them exactly.
• References: The list of the articles cited in the paper that provide information on the research topic and the methods used.

How to Read Scientific Papers

Much of a scientist's work involves reading research papers. Because scientific articles are different from other texts, like novels or newspaper stories, they should be read differently. Here are some tips to be able to read and understand them.

1. Skim

First get the "big picture" by reading the title, key words and abstract carefully; this will tell you the major findings and why they matter.

• Quickly scan the article without taking notes; focus on headings and subheadings
• Note the publishing date; for many areas, current research is more relevant.
• Note any terms and parts you don't understand for further reading.

2. Re-Read

Read the article again, asking yourself questions such as:

• What problem is the study trying to solve?
• Are the findings well supported by evidence?
• Are the findings unique and supported by other work in the field?
• What was the sample size? Is it representative of the larger population?
• Is the study repeatable?
• What factors might affect the results?

If you are unfamiliar with key concepts, look for them in the literature.

3. Interpret

• Examine graphs and tables carefully.
• Try to interpret data first before looking at captions.
• When reading the discussion and results, look for key issues and new findings.
• Make sure you have distinguished the main points. If not, go over the text again.

4. Summarize

• Take notes; it improves reading comprehension and helps you remember key points.
• If you have a printed version, highlight key points and write on the article. If it's on screen, make use of markers and comments.

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• Lenny Rhine. "How to Read a Scientific Paper," Research4Life Training Portal.
• Valerie Matarese, PhD (Ed.). "Using strategic, critical reading of research papers to teach scientific writing," Supporting Research Writing: Roles and Challenges in Multilingual Settings, Chandos Publishing, Elsevier (2012).
• Allen H. Renear, PhD, and Carole L. Palmer, PhD. "Strategic Reading, Ontologies, and the Future of Scientific Publishing," Science (2009).
• Angel Borja, PhD. "11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously," Elsevier Connect (June 24, 2014).
• Mary Purugganan, PhD, and Jan Hewitt, PhD. "How to Read a Scientific Article," Cain Project in Engineering and Professional  Communication, Rice University.
• "How to Read and Review a Scientific Journal Article," Writing Studio, Duke University.
• Robert Siegel, PhD. "Reading Scientific Papers," Stanford University.

[Thank you to the Clark College Libraries for the layout of this information.]